Expressions (expr)
About 4 minBuiltin CommandsDefined by POSIXNumeric / Math ToolsLanguage And Scripting
Expressions (expr)
Expressions: mathematical, string comparisons, logical operators
Description
expr is the underlying builtin which handles all expression parsing and evaluation in Murex.
Idiomatic Murex would be to write expressions without explicitly calling the underlying builtin:
# idiomatic expressions
1 + 2
# non-idiomatic expressions
expr 1 + 2
Though you can invoke them via expr if needed, please bare in mind that expressions have special parsing rules to make them more ergonomic. So if you write an expression as a command (ie prefixed with expr) then it will be parsed as a statement. This means more complex expressions might parse in unexpected ways and thus fail. You can still raise a bug if that does happens.
A full list of operators is available in the Operators And Tokens document.
Usage
expression -> <stdout>
statement (expression)
expr expression -> <stdout>
Examples
Basic Expressions
» 3 * (3 + 1)
12
Statements with inlined expressions
Any parameter surrounded by parenthesis is first evaluated as an expression, then as a string".
» out (3 * 2)
6
Functions
Expressions also support running commands as C-style functions, for example:
» 5 * out(5)
25
» datetime(--in {now} --out {unix}) / 60
28339115.783333335
» $file_contents = open(example_file.txt)
Please note that currently the only functions supported are ones who's names are comprised entirely of alpha, numeric, underscore and/or exclamation marks.
Arrays
» %[apples oranges grapes]
[
"apples",
"oranges",
"grapes"
]
Objects
Sometimes known as dictionaries or maps:
» %{ Age: { Tom: 20, Dick: 30, Sally: 40 } }
{
"Age": {
"Dick": 30,
"Sally": 40,
"Tom": 20
}
}
Detail
Order of Operations
The order of operations follows the same rules as the C programming language, which itself is an extension of the order of operations in mathematics, often referred to as PEMDAS or MODMAS (read more).
The Wikipedia article summarises that order succinctly however the detailed specification is defined by its implementation, as seen in the code below:
package expressions
import (
"fmt"
"github.com/lmorg/murex/lang/expressions/primitives"
"github.com/lmorg/murex/lang/expressions/symbols"
"github.com/lmorg/murex/utils/consts"
)
func (tree *ParserT) executeExpr() (*primitives.DataType, error) {
err := tree.validateExpression()
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
for i := range orderOfOperations {
err = executeExpression(tree, orderOfOperations[i])
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
}
if len(tree.ast) > 1 {
return nil, fmt.Errorf(
"expression failed to execute correctly (AST results > 1).\n%s",
consts.IssueTrackerURL)
}
return tree.ast[0].dt, nil
}
// To allow for extendability and developer expectations, the order of operations
// will follow what is defined by (for example) C, as outlined in the following:
// https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_operations#Programming_languages
// Not all operations will be available in murex and some are likely to be added
// in future versions of this package.
//
// Please also note that the slice below is just defining the groupings. Each
// operator within the _same_ group will then be processed from left to right.
// Read the `executeExpression` function further down this source file to view
// every supported operator
var orderOfOperations = []symbols.Exp{
// 01. Function call, scope, array/member access
// 02. (most) unary operators, sizeof and type casts (right to left)
// 03. Multiplication, division, modulo
symbols.Multiply,
// 04. Addition and subtraction
symbols.Add,
// 04.1 Merge
symbols.Merge,
// 05. Bitwise shift left and right
// 06. Comparisons: less-than and greater-than
symbols.GreaterThan,
// 07. Comparisons: equal and not equal
symbols.EqualTo,
// 08. Bitwise AND
// 09. Bitwise exclusive OR (XOR)
// 10. Bitwise inclusive (normal) OR
// 11. Logical AND
symbols.LogicalAnd,
// 12. Logical OR
symbols.LogicalOr,
// 13. Conditional expression (ternary)
symbols.Elvis,
// 14. Assignment operators (right to left)
symbols.Assign,
// 15. Comma operator
}
func executeExpression(tree *ParserT, order symbols.Exp) (err error) {
for tree.astPos = 0; tree.astPos < len(tree.ast); tree.astPos++ {
node := tree.ast[tree.astPos]
if node.key < order {
continue
}
switch node.key {
// 15. Comma operator
// 14. Assignment operators (right to left)
case symbols.Assign:
err = expAssign(tree, true)
case symbols.AssignUpdate:
err = expAssign(tree, false)
case symbols.AssignAndAdd:
//err = expAssignAdd(tree)
err = expAssignAndOperate(tree, _assAdd)
case symbols.AssignAndSubtract:
err = expAssignAndOperate(tree, _assSub)
case symbols.AssignAndDivide:
err = expAssignAndOperate(tree, _assDiv)
case symbols.AssignAndMultiply:
err = expAssignAndOperate(tree, _assMulti)
case symbols.AssignOrMerge:
err = expAssignMerge(tree)
// 13. Conditional expression (ternary)
case symbols.NullCoalescing:
err = expNullCoalescing(tree)
case symbols.Elvis:
err = expElvis(tree)
// 12. Logical OR
case symbols.LogicalOr:
err = expLogicalOr(tree)
// 11. Logical AND
case symbols.LogicalAnd:
err = expLogicalAnd(tree)
// 10. Bitwise inclusive (normal) OR
// 09. Bitwise exclusive OR (XOR)
// 08. Bitwise AND
// 07. Comparisons: equal and not equal
case symbols.EqualTo:
err = expEqualTo(tree)
case symbols.NotEqualTo:
err = expNotEqualTo(tree)
case symbols.Like:
err = expLike(tree, true)
case symbols.NotLike:
err = expLike(tree, false)
case symbols.Regexp:
err = expRegexp(tree, true)
case symbols.NotRegexp:
err = expRegexp(tree, false)
// 06. Comparisons: less-than and greater-than
case symbols.GreaterThan:
err = expGtLt(tree, _gtF, _gtS)
case symbols.GreaterThanOrEqual:
err = expGtLt(tree, _gtEqF, _gtEqS)
case symbols.LessThan:
err = expGtLt(tree, _ltF, _ltS)
case symbols.LessThanOrEqual:
err = expGtLt(tree, _ltEqF, _ltEqS)
// 05. Bitwise shift left and right
// 04.1 Merge
case symbols.Merge:
err = expMerge(tree)
// 04. Addition and subtraction
case symbols.PlusPlus:
err = expPlusPlus(tree, 1)
case symbols.MinusMinus:
err = expPlusPlus(tree, -1)
case symbols.Add:
err = expAdd(tree)
case symbols.Subtract:
err = expSubtract(tree)
// 03. Multiplication, division, modulo
case symbols.Multiply:
err = expMultiply(tree)
case symbols.Divide:
err = expDivide(tree)
// 02. (most) unary operators, sizeof and type casts (right to left)
// 01. Function call, scope, array/member access
default:
err = raiseError(tree.expression, node, 0, fmt.Sprintf(
"no code written to handle symbol (%s)",
consts.IssueTrackerURL))
}
if err != nil {
return err
}
tree.astPos = 0
}
return nil
}
See Also
- ( expression ): Inline expressions
- Open File (
open): Open a file with a preferred handler - Output String (
out): Print a string to the stdout with a trailing new line character - Strict Types In Expressions: Expressions can auto-convert types or strictly honour data types
%[]Array Builder: Quickly generate arrays%{}Object Builder: Quickly generate objects (dictionaries / maps)*=Multiply By Operator: Multiplies a variable by the right hand value (expression)*Multiplication Operator: Multiplies one numeric value with another (expression)+=Add With Operator: Adds the right hand value to a variable (expression)+Addition Operator: Adds two numeric values together (expression)-=Subtract By Operator: Subtracts a variable by the right hand value (expression)-Subtraction Operator: Subtracts one numeric value from another (expression)/=Divide By Operator: Divides a variable by the right hand value (expression)/Division Operator: Divides one numeric value from another (expression)<~Assign Or Merge: Merges the right hand value to a variable on the left hand side (expression)?:Elvis Operator: Returns the right operand if the left operand is falsy (expression)??Null Coalescing Operator: Returns the right operand if the left operand is empty / undefined (expression)
This document was generated from builtins/core/expressions/expressions_doc.yaml.